Friday, October 16, 2009

Barack Obama

Barack Obama
Right-to-left: Barack Obama and Maya Soetoro with their mother Ann Dunham and grandfather Stanley Dunham in Hawaii (early 1970s)

[edit] Parents' background and meeting

Barack Obama's parents met in a basic Russian language course while both were attending the University of Hawaii at Manoa, where Obama's father was enrolled as a foreign student.[5] Obama was born at the Kapi'olani Medical Center for Women & Children in Honolulu, Hawaii, with his birth being announced in The Honolulu Advertiser and the Honolulu Star-Bulletin.[6][7]

Obama was born in Kapolani Medical Center, 1319 Punahou Street[8]. The Honolulu Advertiser reports that

The future president's first boyhood home is still standing on (6085) Kalaniana'ole Highway, in the Kuli'ou'ou area between 'Aina Haina and Hawai'i Kai. The yellow, four-bedroom, single-story home was built in 1948. Nani Smethurst, who has owned the home since 1979, said the place is essentially the same as it was when it was built, although it has been upgraded and landscaped by Smethurst, who is an architect. The property also has a 450-square-foot cottage in the back that was built in 1953. It's feasible the couple occupied the back cottage at 6085 Kalaniana'ole. Public records from the time show that Barack H. Obama, 25, also had a residence at 625 11th Ave. in Kaimuki. The 11th Avenue address is now occupied by a larger dwelling that

Parents' background and meeting

Barack Obama's parents met in a basic Russian language course while both were attending the University of Hawaii at Manoa, where Obama's father was enrolled as a foreign student.[5] Obama was born at the Kapi'olani Medical Center for Women & Children in Honolulu, Hawaii, with his birth being announced in The Honolulu Advertiser and the Honolulu Star-Bulletin.[6][7]

Obama was born in Kapolani Medical Center, 1319 Punahou Street[8]. The Honolulu Advertiser reports that

The future president's first boyhood home is still standing on (6085) Kalaniana'ole Highway, in the Kuli'ou'ou area between 'Aina Haina and Hawai'i Kai. The yellow, four-bedroom, single-story home was built in 1948. Nani Smethurst, who has owned the home since 1979, said the place is essentially the same as it was when it was built, although it has been upgraded and landscaped by Smethurst, who is an architect. The property also has a 450-square-foot cottage in the back that was built in 1953. It's feasible the couple occupied the back cottage at 6085 Kalaniana'ole. Public records from the time show that Barack H. Obama, 25, also had a residence at 625 11th Ave. in Kaimuki. The 11th Avenue address is now occupied by a larger dwelling that was built in 1990.

[9]

Old friends in Mercer Island, Washington recall his mother visiting them with her new baby later on that summer.[10][11][12] She subsequently enrolled at the University of Washington, and lived in the Capitol Hill neighborhood of Seattle as a single mother with her son.[13][14][15][16] She and her son left Seattle in the summer of 1962 and she re-enrolled at the University of Hawaii at Manoa.

In 1963, Obama moved to 1427 Alexander Street, Apartment 110, which still exists in 2009. Later that year and for 3 years, Obama's mother's address was listed in the University of Hawaii directory as 2277 Kamehameha Ave. In 1964, Obama lived at 2234 University Ave. a single story home in the Manoa area of Honolulu near Noelani Elementary School. His parents divorced in January 1964.[17] After the separation, he, his mother and his grandparents moved into a single-story home in the Manoa district.[6] His father received a Masters degree in Economics from Harvard University, then returned to Kenya, where he became a finance minister before dying in an automobile accident in 1982.[18][19]

[edit] Indonesia

Throughout his early years, Obama was known at home and at school as "Barry."[20] He attended kindergarten at Noelani Elementary School, near his home.[21][22] While still resident in Manoa, Dunham married Indonesian student Lolo Soetoro who was attending the University of Hawaii.[23] When Suharto, a military leader in Soetoro's home country, came to power in 1967, all students studying abroad were recalled and the family moved to Indonesia.[24] During his time in Indonesia, Obama attended local schools in Jakarta, from ages 6 to 10, where classes were taught in the Indonesian language. He first attended St. Francis Assisi Catholic school for almost three years.[25][26] When his family moved to a new neighborhood, Menteng,[27] he attended the secular, government-run SDN Menteng 1 school (also known as the Besuki school) for his fourth year.[28][29] Obama was a Cub Scout while living in Indonesia.[30] Obama's half-sister, Maya Soetoro-Ng remembered Obama's stepfather as "not religious", and "never went to prayer services except for big communal events"[31] When Obama was in third grade he wrote an essay saying that he wanted to become president. His teacher later told the Chicago Tribune that she was not sure what country he wanted to become president of but that he said that his reason for becoming president was that he wanted to make everybody happy.[20]

[edit] Return to Hawaii

After returning to Hawaii for high school, Obama lived with his maternal grandparents at 1617 S. Beretania, Apt. 1206 and two year later at Apt. 1008. In 1973, Obama's mother returned to Hawaii and lived in one of the 9 apartments at 1839 Poki Street.[9] Obama attended the exclusive private school of Punahou School, which is closed to the public. He worked at a nearby Baskin Robbins, which still stands in 2009. His maternal grandparents lived at the Punahou Circle apartments on South Beretania Street, Honolulu, while attending Punahou School, a private college preparatory school, from the fifth grade until his graduation in 1979.[32] Obama's mother, Ann, died of ovarian cancer and uterine cancer a few months after the publication of his 1995 memoir, Dreams from My Father.[33]

Obama (right) with his father in Hawaii. ca. 1971

In the memoir, Obama describes his experiences growing up in his mother's middle class family. His knowledge about his African father, who returned once for a brief visit in 1971, came mainly through family stories and photographs.[19] Of his early childhood, Obama writes: "That my father looked nothing like the people around me — that he was black as pitch, my mother white as milk — barely registered in my mind."[34] The book describes his struggles as a young adult to reconcile social perceptions of his multiracial heritage.[35] He wrote that he used alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine during his teenage years to "push questions of who I was out of my mind".[36] Obama has said that it was a seriously misguided mistake. At the Saddleback Civil Presidential Forum Barack Obama identified his high-school drug use as his greatest moral failure.[37] Obama has stated he has not used any illegal drugs since he was a teenager.[38]

Some of his fellow students at Punahou School later told the Honolulu Star-Bulletin that Obama was mature for his age as a high school student and that he sometimes attended parties and other events in order to associate with African American college students and military service people. Reflecting later on his formative years in Honolulu, Obama wrote: "The opportunity that Hawaii offered — to experience a variety of cultures in a climate of mutual respect — became an integral part of my world view, and a basis for the values that I hold most dear."[39] During the 2008 presidential campaign, Obama took a well publicized trip to Hawaii to visit his dying grandmother and suspended his campaign. [40]

[edit] Adult life

[edit] College years

Following high school, Obama moved to Los Angeles, where he studied at Occidental College for two years.[41] He then transferred to Columbia College in New York City, where he majored in political science with a specialization in international relations.[42] Obama graduated with a B.A. from Columbia in 1983, then worked at Business International Corporation and New York Public Interest Research Group.[43][44]

[edit] Early years as a community organizer in Chicago

After four years in New York City, Obama moved to Chicago to work as a community organizer. He worked for three years from June 1985 to May 1988 as director of the Developing Communities Project (DCP), a church-based community organization originally comprising eight Catholic parishes in Greater Roseland (Roseland, West Pullman, and Riverdale) on Chicago's far South Side.[43][45][46] During his three years as the DCP's director, its staff grew from 1 to 13 and its annual budget grew from $70,000 to $400,000, with accomplishments including helping set up a job training program, a college preparatory tutoring program, and a tenants' rights organization in Altgeld Gardens.[47] Obama also worked as a consultant and instructor for the Gamaliel Foundation, a community organizing institute.[48] In mid-1988, he traveled for the first time to Europe for three weeks then Kenya for five weeks where he met many of his Kenyan relatives for the first time.[49]

[edit] Harvard Law School

Langdell Hall, home of the Harvard Law School library

Obama entered Harvard Law School in late 1988. In an interview with Ebony in 1990, he stated that he saw a degree in law as a vehicle to facilitate better community organization and activism: "The idea was not only to learn how to hope and dream about different possibilities, but to know how the tax structure affects what kind of housing gets built where." [50] At the end of his first year he was selected as an editor of the Harvard Law Review based on his grades and a writing competition.[51] In February 1990, his second year at Harvard, he was elected president of the law review, a full-time volunteer position functioning as editor-in-chief and supervising the law review's staff of 80 editors.[52] Obama's election as the first black president of the law review was widely reported and followed by several long, detailed profiles.[52] He got himself elected by convincing a crucial swing bloc of conservatives that he would protect their interests if they supported him. Building up that trust was done with the same kind of long listening sessions he had used in the poor neighborhoods of South Side, Chicago. Richard Epstein, who later taught at the University of Chicago Law School when Obama later taught there, said Obama was elected editor "because people on the other side believed he would give them a fair shake."[46]

While in law school he worked as an associate at the law firms of Sidley & Austin in 1989, where he met his wife, Michelle, and where Newton N. Minow was a managing partner. Minow later would introduce Obama to some of Chicago's top business leaders.[53] In the summer of 1990 he worked at Hopkins & Sutter.[54] Also during his law school years, Obama spent eight days in Los Angeles taking a national training course on Alinsky methods of organizing.[46] He graduated with a J.D. magna cum laude from Harvard in 1991 and returned to Chicago.[51]

[edit] Settling down in Chicago

The publicity from his election as the first black president of the Harvard Law Review led to a contract and advance to write a book about race relations.[55] In an effort to recruit him to their faculty, the University of Chicago Law School provided Obama with a fellowship and an office to work on his book.[55] He originally planned to finish the book in one year, but it took much longer as the book evolved into a personal memoir. In order to work without interruptions, Obama and his wife, Michelle, traveled to Bali where he wrote for several months. The manuscript was finally published as Dreams from My Father in mid-1995.[55]

He married Michelle Robinson in 1992[56] and settled down with her in Hyde Park, a liberal, integrated, middle-class Chicago neighborhood with a history of electing reform-minded politicians independent of the Daley political machine.[57] The couple's first daughter, Malia Ann, was born in 1998; their second, Natasha (known as Sasha), in 2001.[58]

One effect of the marriage was to bring Obama closer to other politically influential Chicagoans. One of Michelle's best friends was Jesse Jackson's daughter, Santita, later the godmother of the Obamas' first child. Michelle herself had worked as an aide to Mayor Richard M. Daley. Marty Nesbitt, a young, successful black businessman (who played basketball with Michelle's brother, Craig Robinson), became Obama's best friend and introduced him to other African-American business people. Before the marriage, according to Craig, Obama talked about his political ambitions, even saying that he might run for president someday.[53]

[edit] Project Vote

Obama directed Illinois Project Vote from April to October 1992, a voter registration drive, officially nonpartisan, that helped Carol Moseley Braun become the first black woman ever elected to the Senate.[46] He headed up a staff of 10 and 700 volunteers that achieved its goal of 400,000 registered African Americans in the state, leading Crain's Chicago Business to name Obama to its 1993 list of "40 under Forty" powers to be.[59][60][61] Although fundraising was not required for the position when Obama was recruited for the job, he started an active campaign to raise money for the project. According to Sandy Newman, who founded Project Vote, Obama "raised more money than any of our state directors had ever done. He did a great job of enlisting a broad spectrum of organizations and people, including many who did not get along well with one another."[61]

The fundraising brought Obama into contact with the wealthy, liberal elite of Chicago, some of whom became supporters in his future political career. Through one of them he met David Axelrod, who later headed Obama's campaign for president.[53] The fundraising committee was chaired by John Schmidt, a white former chief of staff to Mayor Richard M. Daley, and John W. Rogers Jr., a young black money manager and founder of Ariel Capital Management.[61] Obama also met much of the city's black political leadership, although he didn't always get along with the older politicians, with friction sometimes developing over Obama's reluctance to spend money and his insistence on results.[53] "He really did it, and he let other people take all the credit", Schmidt later said. "The people standing up at the press conferences were Jesse Jackson and Bobby Rush and I don't know who else. Barack was off to the side and only the people who were close to it knew he had done all the work."[61]

[edit] 1992–1996

Obama taught constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School for twelve years, as a Lecturer for four years (1992–1996), and as a Senior Lecturer for eight years (1996–2004).[62] During this time he taught courses in due process and equal protection, voting rights, and racism and law. He published no legal scholarship, and turned down tenured positions, but served eight years in the Illinois Senate during his twelve years at the university.[63]

In 1993 Obama joined Davis, Miner, Barnhill & Galland, a 12-attorney law firm specializing in civil rights litigation and neighborhood economic development, where he was an associate for three years from 1993 to 1996, then of counsel from 1996 to 2004, with his law license becoming inactive in 2002.[43][64] The firm was well-known among influential Chicago liberals and leaders of the black community, and the firm's Judson H. Miner, who met with Obama to recruit him before Obama's 1991 graduation from law school, had been counsel to former Chicago Mayor Harold Washington, although the law firm often clashed with the administration of Mayor Richard M. Daley. The 29-year-old law student made it clear in his initial interview with Miner that he was more interested in joining the firm to learn about Chicago politics than to practice law.[57] During the four years Obama worked as a full time lawyer at the firm, he was involved in 30 cases and accrued 3,723 billable hours.[65]

Obama was a founding member of the board of directors of Public Allies in 1992, resigning before his wife, Michelle, became the founding executive director of Public Allies Chicago in early 1993.[43][66] He served on the board of directors of the Woods Fund of Chicago, which in 1985 had been the first foundation to fund Obama's DCP, from 1993–2002, and served on the board of directors of The Joyce Foundation from 1994–2002.[43] Membership on the Joyce and Wood foundation boards, which gave out tens of millions of dollars to various local organizations while Obama was a member, helped Obama get to know and be known by influential liberal groups and cultivate a network of community activists that later supported his political career.[57] Obama served on the board of directors of the Chicago Annenberg Challenge from 1995–2002, as founding president and chairman of the board of directors from 1995–1999.[43] He also served on the board of directors of the Chicago Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, the Center for Neighborhood Technology, and the Lugenia Burns Hope Center.[43] In 1995, Obama also announced his candidacy for a seat in the Illinois state Senate and attended Louis Farrakhan's Million Man March in Washington, DC.[67]

[edit] See also

  • Family of Barack Obama

[edit] References

  1. ^ "Statement by Dr. Chiyome Fukino" (PDF). hawaii.gov. http://hawaii.gov/health/about/pr/2008/08-93.pdf. Retrieved December 5, 2008. Joe Miller, "Does Obama have Kenyan Citizenship?", Fact Check, August 29, 2008, quoted in part on FightTheSmears
  2. ^ "Partial Ancestor Table: President Barack Hussein Obama, Jr.". New England Historic Genealogical Society. http://www.newenglandancestors.org/pdfs/obama_ancestral_table.pdf. Retrieved July 21, 2009.
  3. ^ http://www.kake.com/home/misc/38157259.html
  4. ^ Sheridan, Michael; Sarah Baxter (January 28, 2007). "Secrets of Obama Family Unlocked". Sunday Times (UK). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article1267352.ece. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
  5. ^ Obama (1995), pp. 9–10. For book excerpts, see "Barack Obama: Creation of Tales". East African. November 1, 2004. http://www.nationmedia.com/EastAfrican/01112004/Features/PA2-2212.html. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
  6. ^ a b Hoover, Will (November 9, 2008). "Obama's Hawaii boyhood homes drawing gawkers". The Honolulu Advertiser. http://www.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/20081109/NEWS01/811090361/-1/SPECIALOBAMA08. Retrieved November 26, 2008.
  7. ^ Maraniss, David (August 24, 2008). "Though Obama Had to Leave to Find Himself, It Is Hawaii That Made His Rise Possible". Politics (Washington Post). http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/23/AR2008082301620.html. Retrieved October 27, 2008.
  8. ^ http://www.kapiolani.org/women-and-children/maps-and-directions.aspx
  9. ^ a b http://www.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/20081109/NEWS01/811090361/1001
  10. ^ Martin, Jonathan (April 8, 2008). "Obama's mother known here as "uncommon"". The Seattle Times: p. A1. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/politics/2004334057_obama08m.html. Retrieved February 13, 2009. Regarding the 1961 visit to Washington state: "Susan Blake, another high-school classmate, said that during a brief visit in 1961, Dunham was excited about her husband's plans to return to Kenya." Regarding her enrollment at University of Washington: "By 1962, Dunham had returned to Seattle as a single mother, enrolling in the UW for spring quarter and living in an apartment on Capitol Hill."
  11. ^ Montgomery, Rick (May 26, 2008). "Barack Obama's mother wasn't just a girl from Kansas". The Kansas City Star (reprinted June 1, 2008 on p. B4 of the Lawrence Journal-World): p. A1. http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_multi=KC&p_product=KC&p_theme=realcities2&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_site=kansascity&s_trackval=KC&s_dispstring=title(Barack%20Obama's%20mother%20wasn't%20just%20a%20girl%20from%20Kansas)%20AND%20date(05/26/2008%20to%2005/26/2008)&p_field_date-0=YMD_date&p_params_date-0=date:B,E&p_text_date-0=05/26/2008%20to%2005/26/2008)&p_field_advanced-0=title&p_text_advanced-0=(Barack%20Obama's%20mother%20wasn't%20just%20a%20girl%20from%20Kansas)&xcal_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&xcal_useweights=no. Retrieved February 13, 2009. "But all doubts dissipated when she passed through Mercer Island in 1961 with her month-old son."
  12. ^ Cf. Maraniss, David (August 24, 2008). "Though Obama Had to Leave to Find Himself, It Is Hawaii That Made His Rise Possible". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/23/AR2008082301620_pf.html. Retrieved November 14, 2008. Maraniss indicates that this visit and return to Washington state occurred in summer of 1962, but other sources indicate a visit occurred in summer of 1961. "Susan Botkin, Maxine Box and John W. Hunt all remember Ann showing up in Seattle late that summer with little Barry, as her son was called. 'She was on her way from her mother's house to Boston to be with her husband,' Botkin recalled. '[She said] he had transferred to grad school and she was going to join him... She had her baby and was talking about her husband, and what life held in store for her... She was leaving the next day to fly on to Boston.' But as Botkin and others later remembered it, something happened in Cambridge, and Stanley Ann returned to Seattle. They saw her a few more times, and they thought she even tried to enroll in classes at the University of Washington, before she packed up and returned to Hawaii."
  13. ^ LeFevre, Charlette; co-director, Seattle Museum of the Mysteries (January 9, 2009). "Barack Obama: from Capitol Hill to Capitol Hill". Capitol Hill Times. http://www.capitolhilltimes.com/main.asp?SectionID=26&SubSectionID=248&ArticleID=27447. Retrieved February 13, 2009. "A single mother who enrolled in the University of Washington in 1961 and signed up for 1962 extension program, she likely came across many social prejudices in the predominantly all-white campus."
  14. ^ LeFevre, Charlette; Lipson, Philip; co-directors, Seattle Museum of the Mysteries (January 28, 2009). "Baby Sitting Barack Obama on Seattle's Capitol Hill". Seattle Museum of the Mysteries (reprinted February 6, 2009 on p. 3 of the Seattle Gay News). http://www.seattlechatclub.org/museum.html. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  15. ^ Dougherty, Phil (February 7, 2009). "Stanley Ann Dunham, mother of Barack Obama, graduates from Mercer Island High School in 1960". HistoryLink.org. http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=pf_output.cfm&file_id=8897. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  16. ^ Dougherty, Phil (February 10, 2009). "Barack Obama moves to Seattle in August or early September 1961". HistoryLink.org. http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&file_id=8926. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
  17. ^ Obama (1995), pp. 125–126. See also: Jones, Tim (March 27, 2007). "Obama's Mom: Not Just a Girl from Kansas". Chicago Tribune. http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/chi-0703270151mar27,1,3372079.story?coll=chi-news-hed. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
  18. ^ Butterfield, Fox (February 6, 1990). "First Black Elected to Head Harvard's Law Review". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE2DC1631F935A35751C0A966958260&n=Top%2FReference%2FTimes%20Topics%2FPeople%2FO%2FObama%2C%20Barack. Retrieved January 4, 2008. See also: Kantor, Jodi (January 28, 2007). "In Law School, Obama Found Political Voice". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/28/us/politics/28obama.html. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
  19. ^ a b Merida, Kevin (December 14, 2007). "The Ghost of a Father". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2007/12/13/ST2007121301893.html. Retrieved January 4, 2008. See also: Ochieng, Philip. "From Home Squared to the US Senate: How Barack Obama Was Lost and Found". East African. http://www.nationmedia.com/EastAfrican/01112004/Features/PA2-11.html. Retrieved January 4, 2008. Obama (1995), pp. 5–11 and 62–71. In August 2006, Obama flew his wife and two daughters from Chicago to join him in a visit to his father's birthplace, a village near Kisumu in rural western Kenya. Gnecchi, Nico (August 27, 2006). "27, 2006-voa17.cfm Obama Receives Hero's Welcome at His Family's Ancestral Village in Kenya". Voice of America. http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2006-08/August 27, 2006-voa17.cfm. Retrieved January 4, 2008. See also: Cose, Ellis (September 11, 2006). "Walking the World Stage". Newsweek. http://www.newsweek.com/id/45558. Retrieved January 4, 2008. Wrong, Michela (September 11, 2006). "Africa: Kenya Glimpses a New Kind of Hero". New Statesman. http://www.newstatesman.com/200609110024. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
  20. ^ a b Scharnberg, Kirsten; Kim Barker (March 25, 2007). "The Not-So-Simple Story of Barack Obama's Youth". Chicago Tribune. http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/chi-070325obama-youth-story,0,5069625.story. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
  21. ^ San Nicholas, Claudine (January 21, 2009). "Retired teachers on Maui recall young, "cute" student Barry". Maui News. http://www.mauinews.com/page/content.detail/id/513898.html?nav=5074. Retrieved March 16, 2009.
  22. ^ Trifonovitch, Kelli Abe (October 2008). "Being local, Barry and Bryan". Hawaii Business Magazine. http://hawaiibusiness.com/Hawaii-Business/October-2008/Being-Local-Barry-and-Bryan. Retrieved November 26, 2008.
    Nakaso, Dan (September 12, 2008). "Obama's mother's work focus of UH seminar". The Honolulu Advertiser. http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2008/Sep/12/ln/hawaii809120379.html. Retrieved November 26, 2008.
  23. ^ Obama's stepfather and Ann Dunham divorced in the late 1970s, and he died of a liver ailment in 1987. Fornek, Scott (September 9, 2007). "Lolo Soetoro". Chicago Sun-Times. http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/familytree/545455,BSX-News-wotreegg09.stng. Retrieved January 4, 2008. They had one daughter together, Maya Soetoro, Obama's half-sister. On his father's side, Obama has two half-sisters and five surviving half-brothers. Sheridan, Michael; Sarah Baxter (January 28, 2007). "Secrets of Obama Family Unlocked". Sunday Times (UK). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article1267352.ece. Retrieved January 4, 2008. See also: Obama (1995), Chapter 2 and Chapters 15–19 (Part 3: Kenya).
  24. ^ Obama, Barack (1995). Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance. New York, NY: Three Rivers Press. pp. 44–45. ISBN 0307383415.
  25. ^ Barker, Kim (March 25, 2007). "Obama Madrassa Myth Debunked". Chicago Tribune. http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/chi-070325obama-islam-story,0,7180545.story. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
  26. ^ Staff writer (January 25, 2007). "Obama debunks claim about Islamic school". Associated Press (MSNBC). http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16813267/. Retrieved April 8, 2008.
  27. ^ Williamson, Lucy (2008-19-20). "Jakarta classmates recall 'Barry' Obama". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7350775.stm. Retrieved April 20, 2008.
  28. ^ Scharnberg, Kirsten; Kim Barker (March 25, 2007). "The Not-So-Simple Story of Barack Obama's Youth". Chicago Tribune. http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/chi-070325obama-youth-story,0,5069625.story. Retrieved January 4, 2008. Anderton, Trish (June 2007). "Obama's Jakarta Trail". Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on June 26, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070626112725/http://www.thejakartapost.com/weekender/6reporter.asp. Retrieved January 4, 2008. For Obama's published accounts of his schooling in Indonesia, see: Obama (1995), p. 154, and Obama (2006), p. 274.
  29. ^ Citing comments made by Indonesia's ambassador to the U.S., Time reported in December 2007 that Obama "still speaks passable Bahasa, the language spoken in Indonesia and Malaysia." Newton-Small, Jay (December 18, 2007). "Obama's Foreign-Policy Problem". Time. http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1695803,00.html. Retrieved January 3, 2008.
  30. ^ Forbes, Mark (October 1, 2008). "Obama, aka fat little Barry, remembered". The Sydney Morning Herald: pp. 2. http://www.smh.com.au/news/us-election/obama-aka-fat-little-barry-remembered/2008/09/30/1222651084446.html. Retrieved January 20, 2009.
  31. ^ Watson, Paul (March 16, 2007). "Islam an unknown factor in Obama bid". Balitmore Sun. http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/nation/bal-te.obama16mar16,0,5594729.story. Retrieved March 16, 2008.
  32. ^ Obama writes: "For my grandparents, my admission into Punahou Academy heralded the start of something grand, an elevation in the family status that they took great pains to let everyone know." Obama (1995), Chapters 3 and 4. See also: Mann, Fred (February 2, 2008). "work=Wichita Eagle Kansas Roots Show in Obama, Say Relatives". http://www.kansas.com/news/state/story/299520.html work=Wichita Eagle. Retrieved February 11, 2008.
  33. ^ Obama (1995), Preface to the 2004 Edition, p. xi. See also: Suryakusuma, Julia (November 29, 2006). "Obama for President... of Indonesia". Jakarta Post. http://www.thejakartapost.com/yesterdaydetail.asp?fileid=20061129.F03. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
  34. ^ Obama (1995), pp. 9–10.
  35. ^ Obama (1995), Chapters 4 and 5. See also: Serrano, Richard A (March 11, 2007). "Obama's Peers Didn't See His Angst" (paid archive). Los Angeles Times. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/1230439131.html?dids=1230439131:1230439131&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Mar+11%2C+2007&author=Richard+A.+Serrano&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&edition=&startpage=A.20&desc=THE+NATION. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
  36. ^ "Obama Gets Blunt with N.H. Students". Associated Press (Boston Globe). November 21, 2007. http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/11/21/obama_gets_blunt_with_nh_students/. Retrieved January 4, 2008. In Dreams from My Father, Obama writes: "Pot had helped, and booze; maybe a little blow when you could afford it." Obama (1995), pp. 93–94. For analysis of the political impact of the quote and Obama's more recent admission that he smoked marijuana as a teenager ("When I was a kid, I inhaled."), see: Romano, Lois (January 3, 2007). "Effect of Obama's Candor Remains to Be Seen". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/02/AR2007010201359.html. Retrieved January 4, 2008. Seelye, Katharine Q (October 24, 2006). "Obama Offers More Variations From the Norm". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D07E2DB173FF937A15753C1A9609C8B63&sec=&spon=&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
  37. ^ http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/08/16/warren.forum/
  38. ^ Schoenburg, Bernard. "Frank Talk About Drug Use in Obama’s 'Open Book'", The State Journal-Register via the Media Awareness Project (November 16, 2003). Retrieved August 23, 2008.
  39. ^ Reyes, B. J (February 8, 2007). "Punahou Left Lasting Impression on Obama". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. http://starbulletin.com/2007/02/08/news/story02.html. Retrieved January 4, 2008. "As a teenager, Obama went to parties and sometimes sought out gatherings on military bases or at the University of Hawaii that were mostly attended by blacks."
  40. ^ "Obama leaves campaign trail to visit ill grandmother". USA Today. October 21, 2008. http://www.usatoday.com/news/politics/election2008/2008-10-21-obama-grandmother_N.htm. Retrieved July 25, 2009.
  41. ^ "Oxy Remembers "Barry" Obama '83". Occidental College. January 29, 2007. http://www.oxy.edu/x2526.xml. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
  42. ^ Boss-Bicak, Shira (January 2005). "Barack Obama '83". Columbia College Today. http://www.college.columbia.edu/cct_archive/jan05/cover.php. Retrieved June 9, 2008.
  43. ^ a b c d e f g Chassie, Karen (ed.) (2007). Who's Who in America, 2008. New Providence, NJ: Marquis Who's Who. p. 3468. ISBN 9780837970110. http://www.marquiswhoswho.com/products/WAprodinfo.asp. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
  44. ^ Scott, Janny (October 30, 2007). "Obama's Account of New York Years Often Differs from What Others Say". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/30/us/politics/30obama.html. Retrieved April 13, 2008. Obama (1995), pp. 133–140; Mendell (2007), pp. 62–63.
  45. ^ Secter, Bob; McCormick, John (March 30, 2007). "Portrait of a pragmatist". Chicago Tribune: p. 1. http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0703300121mar30-archive,0,2491692,full.story. Retrieved February 14, 2009. Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 140–295; Mendell (2007), pp. 63–83.
  46. ^ a b c d Lizza, Ryan (March 19, 2007). "The Agitator: Barack Obama's unlikely political education" (alternate link). New Republic. http://www.tnr.com/story_print.html?id=a74fca23-f6ac-4736-9c78-f4163d4f25c7. Retrieved July 16, 2008.
  47. ^ Matchan, Linda (February 15, 1990). "15, 1990&s.endDate=February 15, 1990 A Law Review breakthrough" (paid archive). The Boston Globe: p. 29. http://search.boston.com/local/Search.do?s.sm.query=&s.author=Linda+Matchan&s.tab=globe&s.si%28simplesearchinput%29.sortBy=-articleprintpublicationdate&docType=&date=&s.startDate=February 15, 1990&s.endDate=February 15, 1990. Retrieved June 6, 2008. Corr, John (February 27, 1990). "From mean streets to hallowed halls" (paid archive). The Philadelphia Inquirer: p. C01. http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=PI&p_theme=pi&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_trackval=PI&s_search_type=customized&s_dispstring=Author(John%20Corr)%20AND%20date(02/27/1990%20to%2002/27/1990)&p_field_date-0=YMD_date&p_params_date-0=date:B,E&p_text_date-0=02/27/1990%20to%2002/27/1990)&p_field_advanced-0=Author&p_text_advanced-0=(John%20Corr)&xcal_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=_rank_:D&xcal_ranksort=4&xcal_useweights=yes. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
  48. ^ Obama, Barack (August-September 1988). "Why organize? Problems and promise in the inner city". Illinois Issues 14 (8–9): 40–42. reprinted in: Knoepfle, Peg (ed.) (1990). After Alinsky: community organizing in Illinois. Springfield, IL: Sangamon State University. pp. 35–40. ISBN 0962087335. Tayler, Letta; Herbert, Keith (March 2, 2008). "Obama forged path as Chicago community organizer". Newsday: p. A06. http://www.newsday.com/news/printedition/nation/ny-usobam025598601mar02,0,7841545,full.story. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
  49. ^ Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 299–437.
  50. ^ Brown, Roxanne (August 1990). "In Pursuit of Excellence". Ebony magazine (Johnson Publishing Company): pp. 114, 116. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ytMDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA114&dq=%22barack+obama%22+date:0-2005&lr=&num=100&as_brr=0&as_pt=ALLTYPES. Retrieved January 2, 2009.
  51. ^ a b Levenson, Michael; Saltzman, Jonathan (January 28, 2007). "At Harvard Law, a unifying voice". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2007/01/28/at_harvard_law_a_unifying_voice/?page=full. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Kantor, Jodi (January 28, 2007). "In law school, Obama found political voice". The New York Times: p. 1. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/28/us/politics/28obama.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Kodama, Marie C (January 19, 2007). "Obama left mark on HLS". The Harvard Crimson. http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=516664. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Mundy, Liza (August 12, 2007). "A series of fortunate events". The Washington Post: p. W10. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/08/AR2007080802038_pf.html. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Heilemann, John (October 22, 2007). "When they were young". New York 40 (37): 32–7, 132–3. http://www.printthis.clickability.com/pt/cpt?action=cpt&title=When+They+Were+Young&expire=&urlID=24417790&fb=Y&url=http%3A%2F%2Fnymag.com%2Fnews%2Ffeatures%2F39321%2F&partnerID=73272. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Mendell (2007), pp. 80–92.
  52. ^ a b Butterfield, Fox (February 6, 1990). "First black elected to head Harvard's Law Review". The New York Times: p. A20. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE2DC1631F935A35751C0A966958260. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Ybarra, Michael J (February 7, 1990). "Activist in Chicago now heads Harvard Law Review" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune: p. 3. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/28797353.html?dids=28797353:28797353&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Matchan, Linda (February 15, 1990). "15, 1990&s.endDate=February 15, 1990 A Law Review breakthrough" (paid archive). The Boston Globe: p. 29. http://search.boston.com/local/Search.do?s.sm.query=&s.author=Linda+Matchan&s.tab=globe&s.si%28simplesearchinput%29.sortBy=-articleprintpublicationdate&docType=&date=&s.startDate=February 15, 1990&s.endDate=February 15, 1990. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Corr, John (February 27, 1990). "From mean streets to hallowed halls" (paid archive). The Philadelphia Inquirer: p. C01. http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=PI&p_theme=pi&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_trackval=PI&s_search_type=customized&s_dispstring=Author(John%20Corr)%20AND%20date(02/27/1990%20to%2002/27/1990)&p_field_date-0=YMD_date&p_params_date-0=date:B,E&p_text_date-0=02/27/1990%20to%2002/27/1990)&p_field_advanced-0=Author&p_text_advanced-0=(John%20Corr)&xcal_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=_rank_:D&xcal_ranksort=4&xcal_useweights=yes. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Drummond, Tammerlin (March 12, 1990). "Barack Obama's Law; Harvard Law Review's first black president plans a life of public service" (paid archive). Los Angeles Times: p. E1. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/60017156.html?dids=60017156:60017156&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Pugh, Allison J. (Associated Press) (April 18, 1990). "Law Review's first black president aims to help poor" (paid archive). The Miami Herald: p. C01. http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=MH&p_theme=realcities2&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_site=miami&s_trackval=MH&s_dispstring=Title(Law%20Review's%20first%20black%20president%20aims%20to%20help%20poor)%20AND%20date(04/18/1990%20to%2004/18/1990)&p_field_date-0=YMD_date&p_params_date-0=date:B,E&p_text_date-0=04/18/1990%20to%2004/18/1990)&p_field_advanced-0=title&p_text_advanced-0=(Law%20Review's%20first%20black%20president%20aims%20to%20help%20poor)&xcal_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=_rank_:D&xcal_ranksort=4&xcal_useweights=yes. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
  53. ^ a b c d Lizza, Ryan, "Making It: How Chicago Shaped Obama", The New Yorker, July 21, 2008, retrieved July 16, 2008
  54. ^ Aguilar, Louis (July 11, 1990). "Survey: Law firms slow to add minority partners" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune: p. 1 (Business). http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/28774085.html?dids=28774085:28774085&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT. Retrieved June 15, 2008. "Barack Obama, a summer associate at Hopkins & Sutter in Chicago"
  55. ^ a b c Scott, Janny (May 18, 2008). "The story of Obama, written by Obama". The New York Times: p. 1. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/18/us/politics/18memoirs.html?pagewanted=all. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Obama (1995), pp. xiii–xvii.
  56. ^ Fornek, Scott (October 3, 2007). "Michelle Obama: 'He Swept Me Off My Feet'". Chicago Sun-Times. http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/585261,CST-NWS-wedding03.stng. Retrieved December 2, 2007.
  57. ^ a b c Becker, Jo and Drew, Christopher, "Pragmatic politics, forged on the South Side", The New York Times, May 11, 2008, retrieved July 16, 2008
  58. ^ Springen, Karen and Jonathan Darman (January 29, 2007). "Ground Support". Newsweek. http://www.newsweek.com/id/70165. Retrieved July 25, 2008.
  59. ^ White, Jesse (ed.) (2000). Illinois Blue Book, 2000, Millennium ed.. Springfield, IL: Illinois Secretary of State. p. 83. OCLC 43923973. http://www.sos.state.il.us/bb/toc.html. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
  60. ^ Reynolds, Gretchen (January 1, 1993). "Vote of Confidence". Chicago Magazine. http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/January-1993/Vote-of-Confidence/. Retrieved July 25, 2008.
  61. ^ a b c d Slevin, Peter, "For Obama, a Handsome Payoff in Political Gambles: Presidential Hopeful Has Friends, Successes and Precious Few Battle Scars", article, The Washington Post, November 13, 2007, page A3, retrieved July 18, 2008
  62. ^ University of Chicago Law School (March 27, 2008). "Statement regarding Barack Obama". University of Chicago Law School. http://www.law.uchicago.edu/media/index.html. Retrieved June 10, 2008. Miller, Joe (March 28, 2008). "Was Barack Obama really a constitutional law professor?". FactCheck.org. http://www.factcheck.org/askfactcheck/was_barack_obama_really_a_constitutional_law.html. Retrieved June 10, 2008. Holan, Angie Drobnic (March 7, 2008). "Obama's 20 years of experience". PolitiFact.com. http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/article/2008/mar/07/obamas-20-years-experience. Retrieved June 10, 2008.
  63. ^ Jodi Cantor (July 30, 2008). "Teaching Law, Testing Ideas, Obama Stood Slightly Apart". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/30/us/politics/30law.html?_r=1&oref=slogin. Retrieved September 10, 2008.
  64. ^ Robinson, Mike (Associated Press) (February 10, 2007). "Obama got start in civil rights practice". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/02/20/obama_got_start_in_civil_rights_practice. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Pallasch, Abdon M (December 17, 2007). "As lawyer, Obama was strong, silent type; He was 'smart, innovative, relentless,' and he mostly let other lawyers do the talking". Chicago Sun-Times: p. 4. http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/700499,CST-NWS-Obama-law17.article. Retrieved June 15, 2008. "People" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune: p. 9 (Business). June 27, 1993. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/24302659.html?dids=24302659:24302659&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT. Retrieved June 15, 2008. "Business appointments" (paid archive). Chicago-Sun-Times: p. 40. July 5, 1993. http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&p_theme=cstb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=(Business%20appointments)%20AND%20date(7/5/1993%20to%207/5/1993)&p_field_date-0=YMD_date&p_params_date-0=date:B,E&p_text_date-0=7/5/1993%20to%207/5/1993)&p_field_advanced-0=&p_text_advanced-0=(Business%20appointments)&xcal_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&xcal_useweights=no. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Miner, Barnhill & Galland (2008). "About Us". Miner, Barnhill & Galland - Chicago, Illinois. http://www.lawmbg.com/index.cfm/PageID/2711. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Obama (1995), pp. 438–439, Mendell (2007), pp. 104–106.
  65. ^ Morain, Dan (November 17, 2008). "A look back on Obama's law years". The Los Angeles Times. http://www.orlandosentinel.com/community/news/conway/orl-obamalaw08nov17,0,221180.story. Retrieved November 20, 2008.
  66. ^ Public Allies (2008). "Fact Sheet on Public Allies' History with Senator Barack and Michelle Obama". Public Allies. http://www.publicallies.org/site/c.liKUL3PNLvF/b.3960231/. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
  67. ^ De Zutter, Hank (December 8, 1995). "What Makes Obama Run?". Chicago Reader. http://www.chicagoreader.com/features/stories/archive/barackobama/. Retrieved November 20, 2008.
Labels:

0 comments:

Post a Comment